Instrument Study Guide

• Three fundamental skills of Instrument flying
• Instrument scan
• Interpretation of instruments
• Aircraft control
• Instrument scan techniques
• Rectangular
• Selective radial (hub and spoke)
• inverted V
• Three common error
• Fixation
• Omission
• Emphasis
• Common rules of thumb for aircraft control
• Lead level of by 10% of VSI
• 100 RPM = 5 KTS (for a 172)
• 100 RPM = 100 Feet Per Min. ( for 172)
• Lead roll out 1/2 of bank ahead
• Two types of flight instruments
• Pitot-static
• Airspeed
• Altimeter
• VSI
• Gyroscopic
• Directional gyro (D.G.
• Artificial horizon
• Turn coordinator (D.C. electric)
• Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
• Uses slant-range to find distance
• Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
• In the aircraft
• Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)
• On the ground
• Instrument Landing System (ILS)
• Four parts
• Localizer
• Glide slope
• Marker beacons
• Approach lighting system
• Marker beacon substitution
• Outer marker
• Cross radial
• DME
• GPS
• Compass locator
• Middle marker
• Compass locator
• Precision radar
• GPS
• No service volumes
• Direct navigation
• Modes
• En route
• Greater than 30 nm. 5nm = full scale
• Terminal
• Within 30 nm. 1nm. = full scale
• Approach
• 2 nm. prior to final approach fix 0.3 nm = full scale
• Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
• Increases accuracy and reliability of GPS
• Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV)
• En route
• Greater than 30 nm. 2 nm. = full scale
• Terminal
• Within 30 nm. 1 nm. = full scale
• Approach
• 2 nm. prior to final approach fix 0.1 nm. = full scale
• VOR (service volumes)
• Terminal
• 1,000 - 12,000 feet = 25 nm.
• Low
• 1,000 - 18,000 feet = 40 nm.
• High
• 1,000 - 14,500 feet = 40 nm.
• 14,501 - 18,000 feet = 100 nm.
• 18,001 - 45,000 feet = 130 nm.
• 45,001 - 60,000 feet = 100 nm.
• NDB (service volumes)
• Compass locator
• 15 nm.
• Medium homing
• 25 nm.
• Homing
• 50 nm.
• High homing
• 75 nm.
• Air speeds
• I - Indicated (what is shown on your instrument)
• C - Calibrated (corrected for positional error of pitot tube)
• E - Equivalent (corrected for compressibility)
• T - True (corrected for temperature and pressure)
• G -  Ground (speed across the ground)
• Altitudes
• Indicated (what is shown on your instrument)
• Pressure (29.92)
• Density (corrected for temperature)
• Absolute (height above ground (AGL))
• True (actual height above sea level (MSL))
• Holding procedures
• Types of hold entry
• Parallel
• Tear-drop
• Direct
• Hold briefing
• Fuel status
• Name of fix
• Direction of hold
• Altitude
• Inbound course
• Type of entry
• Initial outbound heading
• Wind correction
• Wind correction
• 2 seconds for every knot of headwind (for a 172 at 100 kts)
• Holding speeds
• Below 6,000 feet
• 200 knots
• 6,001 - 14,000 feet
• 230 knots
• Above 14,000 feet
• 265 knots
• Low En route Chart
• Minimum En route Altitude (MEA)
• provides navaid reception and obstacle clearance
• Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)
• Obstruction clearance able to descend within 22 nm. of navaid
• Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude (OROCA)
• Obstruction clearance off airways
• Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA)
• Guarantees obstacle clearance and navaid reception
• Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA)
• Guarantees reception
• Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA)
• Guarantees 1000 foot of terrain clearance in non-mountainous 2000 foot in mountainous
• Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA)
• Radar vectors for ATC 500 foot above
• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
• Accident
• Substantial aircraft damage, fatal, or serious injury
• Substantial
• affect flight characteristics
• Serious injury
• Hospital within 48 hours, broken bones, organ damage, 2nd or 3rd degree burns on 5% of body, and tendon or ligament damage
• Fatal
• Die within 30 days
• Incident
• anything other that an accident
• Immediate notification of ATC
• flight control malfunction
• fire
• inability of crew member to carry out duties
• 50% of glass panel out
• Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)
• Transponder codes
• 7500
• Hijacking
• 7600
• Communication failure
• 7700
• General emergency
• Weather (hold on this is a long section)
• 122.2
• briefing
• outlook
• standard
• abbreviated
• in flight
• Notam
• D
• Taxi way and navaid outages
• GPS
• Satellite outages
• FDC
• Flight data center regulatory (TFR)
• Terminal Aerodrome Forcast (TAF)
• 5 nm. 4-6 hours
• Metar
• come out hourly
• routine aviation weather report
• Airmets
• Moderate
• valid for up to 6 hours
• Tango
• Moderate turbulence
• Sierra
• Moderate mountain or IFR weather
• Zulu
• Moderate icing
• Sigmets
• Severe weather not associated with thunderstorms
• Turbulence, icing, volcanic ash, dust storms limiting vis. below 3 miles
• Valid for up to 4 hours
• Convective Sigmets
• Severe weather associated with thunderstorms
• Tornadoes, surface winds greater than 50 knots, hail greater than 3/4 inch diameter
• Valid for 2 hours
• Thunderstorms
• Stages
• Cumulus, mature, dissipating
• Stable
• Rime icing, steady precipitation
• Unstable
• Clear icing, good vis., showery precipitation
• Measure temperature lapse rate to determine stability
• Pressure
• 1 inch per 1000 feet
• En route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS)
• 122.0 above 5,000 feet AGL
• Hazardous In flight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)
• On VOR's
• Airmets, Sigmets, Convective sigmets, Urgent pireps, or center weather advisory
• Structural Icing
• Rime
• Milky white
• Stratus clouds
• Clear
• Clear and smooth
• Most dangerous
• Cumulus clouds
• Mixed
• Combination of both
• Frost
• Thickness of sandpaper
• 30% less lift
• 40% more drag
• Low pressure
• Inward
• Counter clockwise
• Upward
• High pressure
• Outward
• Clockwise
• Downward
• Fonts
• Cold
• Warm
• Stationary
• Occluded
• IFR Acronyms
• IFR required equipment
• G - Generator/ alternator
• R - Rate of turn
• A - Attitude
• B - Ball
• C - Clock (with second hand)
• A - Altimeter (pressure sensitive)
• R - Radios & avionics for flight
• D - DME above 24,000 feet
• D - Directional gyro
• VFR required equipment
• C - Compass
• A - Airspeed indicator
• A - Altimeter
• A - Anit-colision lights
• F - Fuel quantity
• F - Floatation device
• O - Oil temp.
• O - Oil preasure
• T - Tach
• M - Manifold pressure
• E - ELT
• G - Gear position lights
• S - Seat belts
• Night VFR
• F - Fuses
• L - Landing lights
• A - Ani-colision lights
• P - Position lights
• S - Source of power
• Reporting points (radar enviroment)
• C - Compulsury reporting pionts
• A - ATC directed
• U - Unforcasted weather
• S - Saftey
• E - Equipment malfunction
• L - Leaving any assigned altitude or fix
• E - ETA change of more than 3 min.
• F- Final approach fix inbound
• T - True airspeed change more than 10 knots
• U - Unable to climb or decend 500 feet per min.
• Reporting points (non-radar enviroment)
• C - Compulsury reporting points
• O - Outer marker
• F - Final approach fix inbound
• F - Fixes off airway
• E - ETA change more that 3 min.
• Radio communication falure
• A - Assigned
• V - Vectored
• E - Expected
• F - Filed
• M - Minimum
• E - Expected
• A - Assigned
• Preflight
• W - Weather
• A - Known ATC delays
• R - Runway lengths
• F - Fuel
• A - Alternates
• T - Takeoff and landing data
• Required maintenance
• A - Altimeter/ Pitot system (24 calender months)
• V - VOR (30 days)
• I - 100 hour
• G - GPS (56 days)
• A - Annual
• T - Transponder (24 calender months)
• E - ELT (12 calender months)
• Gyros
• Tumble
• Heading more than 55 degrees of pitch and bank
• Attitude more than 50 - 60 degrees of pitch and 100 - 110 degrees of bank
• You need a VOR to enter class B airspace
• Approach plates
• Star
• fly by
• Star with circle
• Fly over
• No procedure turn when
• Vectored
• No procedure turn sector (NoPt)
• Holding in lue of
• Timed approach
• Cleared straight in
• TAA
• Terminal Arrival Area
• VDP
• Visual Decent Point
• FAA report
• Within 48 hours
• IFR currency
• 6 insturment approaches
• Intercepting and tracking navaids
• Cloud clearances
• You should know this from your VFR training
• Instrument section of FAR section of FAR/AIM

ILS Approaches

Instrument Landing System (ILS) is a precision approach nav. aid which provides accurate course, glide slope, and distance guidance to a given runway. An ILS is like using a VOR for navigation, only it has vertical guidance. You must either have a HSI or a VOR indicator to be able to us an ILS. There are four parts to an ILS, they are the localizer, glide slope, marker beacons, and the approach lighting system. The localizer aligns you with the centerline of the runway. The width of the localizer varies between 3 and 6 degrees, and the service volume of a localizer is10 nautical miles within 35 degrees, and 18 nautical miles within 10 degrees of course heading. The glide slope is a transmitter offset from the runway centerline. This provides vertical guidance to the runway. Full-scale deviation is 0.7 degrees above or below the center of the glide slope. The marker beacons provide range information. There are usually two marker beacons for an ILS they are the outer marker, and the middle marker. The outer marker can be anywhere between 4 and 7 miles from the runway, and the middle marker is usually located 3,500 feet from the threshold. (where you land) Some airports which have a category II and III ILS have an inner marker, and that indicates the decision height (DA) which is where you must go around if you do not see the runway environment. There is much more to know before trying an ILS I would never be able to cover everything in this blog, I just explained what it was and the different components of an ILS. If you would like more information on this topic look in chapter 8 page 21 (8-21) of the Jeppesen Guided flight discovery instrument commercial book.