Instrument Study Guide

• Three fundamental skills of Instrument flying
• Instrument scan
• Interpretation of instruments
• Aircraft control
• Instrument scan techniques
• Rectangular
• Selective radial (hub and spoke)
• inverted V
• Three common error
• Fixation
• Omission
• Emphasis
• Common rules of thumb for aircraft control
• Lead level of by 10% of VSI
• 100 RPM = 5 KTS (for a 172)
• 100 RPM = 100 Feet Per Min. ( for 172)
• Lead roll out 1/2 of bank ahead
• Two types of flight instruments
• Pitot-static
• Airspeed
• Altimeter
• VSI
• Gyroscopic
• Directional gyro (D.G.
• Artificial horizon
• Turn coordinator (D.C. electric)
• Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
• Uses slant-range to find distance
• Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
• In the aircraft
• Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)
• On the ground
• Instrument Landing System (ILS)
• Four parts
• Localizer
• Glide slope
• Marker beacons
• Approach lighting system
• Marker beacon substitution
• Outer marker
• Cross radial
• DME
• GPS
• Compass locator
• Middle marker
• Compass locator
• Precision radar
• GPS
• No service volumes
• Direct navigation
• Modes
• En route
• Greater than 30 nm. 5nm = full scale
• Terminal
• Within 30 nm. 1nm. = full scale
• Approach
• 2 nm. prior to final approach fix 0.3 nm = full scale
• Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
• Increases accuracy and reliability of GPS
• Approach with Vertical Guidance (APV)
• En route
• Greater than 30 nm. 2 nm. = full scale
• Terminal
• Within 30 nm. 1 nm. = full scale
• Approach
• 2 nm. prior to final approach fix 0.1 nm. = full scale
• VOR (service volumes)
• Terminal
• 1,000 - 12,000 feet = 25 nm.
• Low
• 1,000 - 18,000 feet = 40 nm.
• High
• 1,000 - 14,500 feet = 40 nm.
• 14,501 - 18,000 feet = 100 nm.
• 18,001 - 45,000 feet = 130 nm.
• 45,001 - 60,000 feet = 100 nm.
• NDB (service volumes)
• Compass locator
• 15 nm.
• Medium homing
• 25 nm.
• Homing
• 50 nm.
• High homing
• 75 nm.
• Air speeds
• I - Indicated (what is shown on your instrument)
• C - Calibrated (corrected for positional error of pitot tube)
• E - Equivalent (corrected for compressibility)
• T - True (corrected for temperature and pressure)
• G -  Ground (speed across the ground)
• Altitudes
• Indicated (what is shown on your instrument)
• Pressure (29.92)
• Density (corrected for temperature)
• Absolute (height above ground (AGL))
• True (actual height above sea level (MSL))
• Holding procedures
• Types of hold entry
• Parallel
• Tear-drop
• Direct
• Hold briefing
• Fuel status
• Name of fix
• Direction of hold
• Altitude
• Inbound course
• Type of entry
• Initial outbound heading
• Wind correction
• Wind correction
• 2 seconds for every knot of headwind (for a 172 at 100 kts)
• Holding speeds
• Below 6,000 feet
• 200 knots
• 6,001 - 14,000 feet
• 230 knots
• Above 14,000 feet
• 265 knots
• Low En route Chart
• Minimum En route Altitude (MEA)
• provides navaid reception and obstacle clearance
• Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)
• Obstruction clearance able to descend within 22 nm. of navaid
• Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude (OROCA)
• Obstruction clearance off airways
• Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA)
• Guarantees obstacle clearance and navaid reception
• Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA)
• Guarantees reception
• Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA)
• Guarantees 1000 foot of terrain clearance in non-mountainous 2000 foot in mountainous
• Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA)
• Radar vectors for ATC 500 foot above
• National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
• Accident
• Substantial aircraft damage, fatal, or serious injury
• Substantial
• affect flight characteristics
• Serious injury
• Hospital within 48 hours, broken bones, organ damage, 2nd or 3rd degree burns on 5% of body, and tendon or ligament damage
• Fatal
• Die within 30 days
• Incident
• anything other that an accident
• Immediate notification of ATC
• flight control malfunction
• fire
• inability of crew member to carry out duties
• 50% of glass panel out
• Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)
• Transponder codes
• 7500
• Hijacking
• 7600
• Communication failure
• 7700
• General emergency
• Weather (hold on this is a long section)
• 122.2
• briefing
• outlook
• standard
• abbreviated
• in flight
• Notam
• D
• Taxi way and navaid outages
• GPS
• Satellite outages
• FDC
• Flight data center regulatory (TFR)
• Terminal Aerodrome Forcast (TAF)
• 5 nm. 4-6 hours
• Metar
• come out hourly
• routine aviation weather report
• Airmets
• Moderate
• valid for up to 6 hours
• Tango
• Moderate turbulence
• Sierra
• Moderate mountain or IFR weather
• Zulu
• Moderate icing
• Sigmets
• Severe weather not associated with thunderstorms
• Turbulence, icing, volcanic ash, dust storms limiting vis. below 3 miles
• Valid for up to 4 hours
• Convective Sigmets
• Severe weather associated with thunderstorms
• Tornadoes, surface winds greater than 50 knots, hail greater than 3/4 inch diameter
• Valid for 2 hours
• Thunderstorms
• Stages
• Cumulus, mature, dissipating
• Stable
• Rime icing, steady precipitation
• Unstable
• Clear icing, good vis., showery precipitation
• Measure temperature lapse rate to determine stability
• Pressure
• 1 inch per 1000 feet
• En route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS)
• 122.0 above 5,000 feet AGL
• Hazardous In flight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)
• On VOR's
• Airmets, Sigmets, Convective sigmets, Urgent pireps, or center weather advisory
• Structural Icing
• Rime
• Milky white
• Stratus clouds
• Clear
• Clear and smooth
• Most dangerous
• Cumulus clouds
• Mixed
• Combination of both
• Frost
• Thickness of sandpaper
• 30% less lift
• 40% more drag
• Low pressure
• Inward
• Counter clockwise
• Upward
• High pressure
• Outward
• Clockwise
• Downward
• Fonts
• Cold
• Warm
• Stationary
• Occluded
• IFR Acronyms
• IFR required equipment
• G - Generator/ alternator
• R - Rate of turn
• A - Attitude
• B - Ball
• C - Clock (with second hand)
• A - Altimeter (pressure sensitive)
• R - Radios & avionics for flight
• D - DME above 24,000 feet
• D - Directional gyro
• VFR required equipment
• C - Compass
• A - Airspeed indicator
• A - Altimeter
• A - Anit-colision lights
• F - Fuel quantity
• F - Floatation device
• O - Oil temp.
• O - Oil preasure
• T - Tach
• M - Manifold pressure
• E - ELT
• G - Gear position lights
• S - Seat belts
• Night VFR
• F - Fuses
• L - Landing lights
• A - Ani-colision lights
• P - Position lights
• S - Source of power
• Reporting points (radar enviroment)
• C - Compulsury reporting pionts
• A - ATC directed
• U - Unforcasted weather
• S - Saftey
• E - Equipment malfunction
• L - Leaving any assigned altitude or fix
• E - ETA change of more than 3 min.
• F- Final approach fix inbound
• T - True airspeed change more than 10 knots
• U - Unable to climb or decend 500 feet per min.
• Reporting points (non-radar enviroment)
• C - Compulsury reporting points
• O - Outer marker
• F - Final approach fix inbound
• F - Fixes off airway
• E - ETA change more that 3 min.
• Radio communication falure
• A - Assigned
• V - Vectored
• E - Expected
• F - Filed
• M - Minimum
• E - Expected
• A - Assigned
• Preflight
• W - Weather
• A - Known ATC delays
• R - Runway lengths
• F - Fuel
• A - Alternates
• T - Takeoff and landing data
• Required maintenance
• A - Altimeter/ Pitot system (24 calender months)
• V - VOR (30 days)
• I - 100 hour
• G - GPS (56 days)
• A - Annual
• T - Transponder (24 calender months)
• E - ELT (12 calender months)
• Gyros
• Tumble
• Heading more than 55 degrees of pitch and bank
• Attitude more than 50 - 60 degrees of pitch and 100 - 110 degrees of bank
• You need a VOR to enter class B airspace
• Approach plates
• Star
• fly by
• Star with circle
• Fly over
• No procedure turn when
• Vectored
• No procedure turn sector (NoPt)
• Holding in lue of
• Timed approach
• Cleared straight in
• TAA
• Terminal Arrival Area
• VDP
• Visual Decent Point
• FAA report
• Within 48 hours
• IFR currency
• 6 insturment approaches
• Intercepting and tracking navaids
• Cloud clearances
• You should know this from your VFR training
• Instrument section of FAR section of FAR/AIM